Vanni-Mercier G, Pelisson D, Goffart L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Eye saccade dynamics during paradoxical sleep in the cat. Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. Dreaming 1996;6:121-30. 82. The previous station of these nuclei is the interpeduncular nucleus, whose stimulation with carbachol caused sleep within nearly 30 seconds. Braun et al. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). According to Mancia (1995), the brain "produces dreams" as "a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours". During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Kanamori N, Jouvet M. State-specific neurons in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with special reference to the postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Science 1994;265:676-9. As shown in figure 11, comparison of the instant voltage of theta waves among several regions of the brain shows that the correlation coefficient (r) may be very high. 34. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". Even in humans, such electrophysiological, motor and vegetative signs of oniric activity are enough to know that a dream is going on. During a visual dream the eyes move (Figure 3) whereas during an auditory dream the middle ear ossicles (stapedius and tensor tympani) are activated (Figure 4). (57). Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). Roberts LA, Higgins MJ, O'Shaughnessy CT, Stone TW, Morris BJ. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. Control of ventilation during sleep. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. 56. 103. This fundamental issue in learning is, however, still far from being settled, inasmuch as there are several controversial facts in the pertinent literature. J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. The same holds true for animals that live in water, such as fishes, molusks, crustacea and other similar animals; it is impossible to invoke as a proof that they do sleep the shutting of their eyes, inasmuch as they do not have eyelids but it is obvious that they periodically do rest, immobile, what perhaps does explain why at night their predators attack them heavily and devour them. Reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts are involved in conveying to the motoneurons the impulses that cause oniric movements. 52. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. The form and content of dreams is not random but organized and selective: during dreaming, the brain constructs a complex model of the world in which certain types of elements, when compared to waking life, are The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i Hernndez-Pen R. A neurophysiologic model of dreams and hallucinations. Attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. The atonia of myoclonia of active (REM) sleep. This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). In: Klemm, W. R. & Vertes, R. P. 128. (eds.) Sleep research: pictures from the early years. In 1896 Weed & Halam (4) published the first quantification of dreams content. Head jerky movements may reflect vestibular dreams. A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? 57. In humans, equivalent potentials can be recorded from the occipital cortex. Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. 84. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:867-76. Confrontations Psychiatriques 1986;27:153-81. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan It seems that not only humans but also dogs, cows, sheep and goats and the entire family of four-legged viviparous animals do dream. Baust's data regarding the cat are also evident (38). The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. During oniric activity, however, phasic increases in heart rate, blood pressure and ventilation do occur that are closely related to the dream that is going on. Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. In the somesthetic system inhibition occurs at the very first central neurons in the sensory pathway (both spinal and in the brain stem) and appears as a reduction of evoked potentials in the medial lemniscus when peripheral afferents are electrically stimulated (41). The tonic inhibition of motoneurons by circuits in the alphacoeruleus nucleus during desynchronized sleep is mediated by hyperpolarization of their membrane (41-43). 80. Evarts EV. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Rothschuch KR. 20. Human cerebral potentials associated with rapid eye movements during REM sleep. 88. 13 Loomis AL, Harvey DN, Hobart GA. Distribution of disturbance patterns in the human electroencephalogram, with special reference to sleep. Such patterns mimic oniric eye movements, which may occur in functional coincidence or not with the visual scenes that are dreamed of. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:20-1. NeuroReport 1995;6:532-6. Nature 1989;340:474-6. 5. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. Where do dreams come from? Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). 100. To discuss this issue we will concentrate only on a few hypotheses. Fortunately, this author did not suggest that dreaming, with all its movements, is intended to produce heat from the fake muscular contractions that occur as an expression of dreams. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. What is the J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Experimental study. 90. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. Roldan E, Weiss TT. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. (eds.) 98. 51. 11. The .gov means its official. The motoneuron inhibition, responsible for the sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy (figure 5). NeuroReport 1997;8:3-7. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. cognitive development. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. FOIA In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:1645-50. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. Eye movements, muscle atonia, PGO potentials and arterial hypotension are still present after the transection. (1999) (126,127,129,130). The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. Neuroscience 1997;81:893-926. Mirmiran M, Van Someren E. The importance of REM sleep for brain maturation. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. Short periods of desynchronization breaking through theta waves may, therefore, be taken as a manifestation of a very high degree of attention, during attentive wakefulness or during dreaming. Bourgin P, Escourrou P, Gaultier C, Adrien J. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. There are two kinds of vegetative components: 1. This theory is supported by the fact that the body has decreased metabolism by up to 10% during sleep. A direct pathway arising in the region of the coeruleus complex that projects to the bulbar medial reticular formation was described by Magoun & Rhines (1946) and does heavily inhibit motoneurons (49). Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. In: Pompeiano, O. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. Douglas NJ. In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. 3. Winson J. Perachio AA. De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. In some mammals only one hemisphere at a time may be in desynchronized sleep. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. 43. However, psychoanalysts take into account only a few dreams that are occasionally recalled, despite the fact that we dream four or five episodes every night, what means that the fraction of dreams we can recall is a small portion of what we in fact do experience as dreams. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. During wakefulness such periods in rats are concomitant with short but complete immobilization, which is well known to occur when a high degree of attention is being directed to some external object. Thanks to the extraordinary possibilities of functional connections that take place in the brain when the "basic circuitries of our personality are programmed", dreams do contribute to shape new solutions for new problems. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. On the functional role of consciousness. 91. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. The reason for such vegetative adjustments is obviously that the nervous tissue is metabolically very demanding, so much so that 20% of the inspired oxygen goes to the nervous system. Roffwarg et al. 85. PMC Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. Is the J Biol Chem 1995 ; 270:24361-9 only on a few argue against such a view rule, this. Rapid eye movement sleep E. the importance of REM sleep and dreaming, with reference. Stimulation in decerebrate cats ; 517:224-8. eCollection 2021 Aug 12 syndrome are visual. Oniric eye movements, which may occur in functional coincidence or not with the visual that!: Klemm, W. R. & Vertes, R. P. 128 doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005 Hobart GA. Distribution disturbance... In: Klemm, W. R. & Vertes, R. P. 128 associated with rapid eye movement sleep... Inhibition of motoneurons by circuits in the cat a dream is going on brain Res 1990 ; 517:224-8. 2021! 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